Economia política dos recursos energéticos: novos movimentos e inquietações em escala mundial
Palavras-chave:
Energia, Economia política internacional, GeopolíticaResumo
A questão energética sempre influenciou as ações internacionais dos Estados Unidos, e sua importância cresceu nas últimas décadas. O Oriente Médio tem sido o grande foco, mas também países de Eurásia e África são implicados. São grandes, contudo, as dificuldades enfrentadas pelo país hegemônico nessas áreas, pelas turbulências políticas ou pela concorrência de Estados como Rússia e China. Assim, os Estados Unidos executam estratégia de redução da sua grande dependência energética externa, com resultados expressivos na produção interna em razão de importante avanço técnico. Têm sentido semelhante a reorientação das suas fontes de abastecimento externas para áreas mais próximas e seguras e o aumento do seu consumo de combustíveis renováveis. Pelo peso do país, esses movimentos poderão afetar o cenário energético mundial.
Referências
ARRIGHI, G. O longo século XX: dinheiro, poder e as origens de nosso tempo. Rio de Janeiro: Contraponto; São Paulo: Editora UNESP, 1996.
BLUEPRINT for a Secure Energy Future. Washington: The White House, Mar. 30, 2011. Obtido em: <http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/blueprint_secure_energy_future.pdf>. Acesso em: jul. 2013.
BLACKWILL, R. D. & O’SULLIVAN, M. L. “America’s energy edge: the geopolitical consequences of the shale revolution”, Foreign Affairs, v. 23, n. 2, Mar./Apr. 2014. Obtido em: <http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140750/robert-d-blackwill-and-meghan-l-osullivan/americas-energy-edge>. Acesso em: jan. 2015.
BRADSHER, K. China leading global race to make clean energy, The New York Times, 30 Jan. 2010. Obtido em: <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/31/business/energy-environment/31renew.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0>. Acesso em: jan. 2015.
CARMODY, P. R. & OWUSU, F. Y. Competing hegemon? "Chinese versus American geo-economic strategies in Africa", Political Geography, v. 26, p. 504-524, 2007.
FANG, S., JAFFE, A. M. & TEMZELIDES, T. New alignments? The geopolitics of gas and oil cartels and the changing Middle East. Houston: Rice University, James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, jan. 2012.
FIORI, J. L. “A nova geopolítica das nações e o lugar da Rússia, China, Índia, Brasil e África do Sul”, OIKOS, n. 8, ano VI, p. 77-106, 2007.
FLORINI, A. & SOVACOOL, B. K. “Bridging the gaps in global energy governance”, Global Governance, v. 17, p. 57-74, 2011.
FRANK, A. G. “Caspian Sea oil – still the great game for Central Eurasia”, Journal of World-Systems Research, v. VII, n. 1, p. 101-108, spr. 2001.
GENTÉ, R. “Du Caucase à l’Ásie centrale, ‘grand jeu’ autour du pétrole et du gaz”, Le Monde Diplomatique, n. 639, p. 18-19, juin 2007.
GRESH, A. "A l'aube d'um siècle postaméricain", Le Monde diplomatique, n. 656, p. 16-17, nov. 2008.
INMAN, M. “The fracking fallacy”, Nature, v. 516, p. 28-30, 4 Dec. 2014.
JHAVERY, N. J. "Petroimperialism: US oil interests and the Iraq war", Antipode, v. 36, n. 1, p. 2-11, jan. 2004.
KANDIYOTI, R. "De nouvelles routes pour le pétrole et le gaz", Le Monde Diplomatique, n. 614, p. 8, mai 2005.
KLARE, M. T. "The new geography of conflict", Foreign Affairs, v. 80, n. 3, p. 49-61, 2001.
________. "Les vrais desseins de M. George Bush", Le Monde Diplomatique, n. 584, p. 1, 16-17, nov. 2002.
________. "The coming war with Iraq: deciphering the Bush Administration’s motives", Foreign Policy in Focus, p. 1-6, jan. 2003.
________. "The new geopolitics of energy", The Nation, may 19th 2008. Obtido em: <http://www.thenation.com/article/new-geopolitics-energy>. Acesso em: 26 mar., 2015.
________. "Playing with fire: Obama’s risky oil threat to China", TomDispatch, dec. 6, 2011. Obtido em: . Acesso em: 25 dez. 2011.
________. The race for what’s left: the global scramble for the world’s last resources. New York: Picador, 2013.
KRAMER, A. E. "Central Asia on front line in energy battle", The New York Times, s/p, Dec. 20th 2007. Obtido em: <http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/20/business/worldbusiness/20gas.html?pagewanted=print&_r=0>. Acesso em: dez. 2007.
________. "Deals with Iraq are set to bring oil giants back", The New York Times, s/p, june 19th 2008. Obtido em <http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/19/world/middleeast/19iraq.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0>. Acesso em: jul. 2013.
LA GORCE, P-M. "La Russie en quête d’un nouveau role", Le Monde Diplomatique, n. 566, p. 4-5, mai 2001.
LAWLER, A., BAKR, A. e ZHDANNIKOV, D. "Inside OPEC room, Naimi declares price war on U.S. shale oil", Reuters, 28 nov. 2014. Obtido em: <http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/28/us-opec-meeting-shale-idUSKCN0JC1GK20141128>. Acesso em: jan. 2015.
MAXWELL, K. "Os mercados do petróleo", Folha de S. Paulo, p. A2, 8 jan. 2015.
MOUAWAD, J. "China’s growth shifts the geopolitics of oil", The New York Times, s/d, mar. 19, 2010. Obtido em <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/20/business/energy-environment/20saudi.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0>. Acesso em: jul. 2013.
NAÏR, S. "Le monde selon Washington", Le Monde Diplomatique,
n. 588, p. 14-15, mars 2003.
NATIONAL Intelligence Council. Global trends 2030: alternative worlds. Washington, DC: NIC, dec. 2012. Obtido em: . Acesso em: jul. 2013.
OF POLITICS and pipelines. The Economist, p. 4, July 10th 1999.
O’SULLIVAN, M. L. Iraqi politics and implications for oil and energy. Cambridge: Harvard Kennedy School, 2011. (Geopolitics of Energy Project).
PAN, P. P. "Economy, politics stoke Russia-Ukraine gas quarrel", The Washington Post, p. A8, Jan. 8, 2009.
PERKOWSKI, J. "China leads the world in renewable energy investment", Forbes, 27 july 2012. Obtido em: http://www.forbes.
com/sites/jackperkowski/2012/07/27/china-leads-the-world-in-renewable-energy-investment>. Acesso em: jan. 2015.
PERLEZ, J. "China and Russia reach 30-year gas deal", The New York Times, 21 may 2014. Obtido em: <http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/22/world/asia/china-russia-gas-deal.html>. Acesso em: jan. 2015.
PIPE dreams. The Economist, p. 60-61, jan. 20th 2001.
RADVANYI, J. & REKACEWICZ, P. "Conflits caucasiens et bras de fer russo-américain", Le Monde Diplomatique, n. 559, p. 18-19, oct. 2000.
RESEARCH UNIT FOR POLITICAL ECONOMY. Behind the war in Iraq. Monthly Review, v. 55, n. 1, p. 20-49, May 2003.
ROUBINI, N. "O petróleo assusta", Folha de S. Paulo, p. B12, 18 mar. 2012. (Mercado).
THE ROAD to 2050. The Economist, july 31st 1999. (A Survey of the New Geopolitics).
U.S. Energy Information Administration. U.S. crude oil, natural gas, and NG liquids proved reserves. Washington, DC: U.S. Departament of Energy, Aug. 1, 2012. Obtido em: <http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/crudeoilreserves/>. Acesso em: jun. 2013.
________. Annual energy outlook 2013. With projections to 2040. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, apr. 2013a.
________. How dependent are we on foreign oil? Washington DC: U.S. Department of Energy, may 10, 2013b. Obtido em: <http://www.eia.gov/energy_in_brief/article/foreign_oil_dependence.cfm>. Acesso em: jan. 2015.
________. U.S. imports by country of origin: total crude oil and products. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Energy, Jan. 2015. Obtido em: <http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_a2_nus_ep00_i0_mbbl_a.htm>. Acesso em: jan. 2015.
VICTOR, D. G.; YUEH, L. “The new energy order: managing insecurities in the Twenty-First Century”, Foreign Affairs, v. 89, n. 1, p. 61-73, jan-feb. 2010.
VOLMAN, D. "AFRICOM: the new U.S. military command for Africa". In: African Security Research Project, Washington, DC: ACAS, june 2008. Obtido em: . Acesso: jul. 2013.
WALLERSTEIN, I. "Por trás da miniguerra no Cáucaso, o xadrez geopolítico", Folha de S. Paulo, p. A22, 17 ago. 2008. (Mundo).
WINES, M. "Suspicion haunts China-U.S. military talks", The Global Edition of the New York Times, p. 5, July 16-17, 2011.
ZWEIG, D.; JIANHAI, B. "China’s global hunt for energy", Foreign Affairs, v. 84, n.5, p. 25-38, 2005.
