Imperialismo e desenvolvimento capitalista em O capital de Marx
Palavras-chave:
capitalismo, imperialismo, colonialismo, internacionalismo, Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe (MEGA2)Resumo
Este artigo pretende contribuir com o debate corrente sobre o “novo imperialismo” por meio da apresentação dos principais resultados de uma leitura de O capital de Marx à luz de seus escritos sobre o colonialismo, que permaneciam desconhecidos durante o antigo debate marxista sobre o imperialismo. Pretende-se provar que, em seu principal trabalho, Marx não analisa uma economia nacional ou seu correspondente em um modelo abstrato de sociedade capitalista, mas um sistema mundial polarizador e em constante expansão. Essa abstração permite identificar as leis do desenvolvimento do capitalismo e seus antagonismos, refletindo a tendência do capital de Estados dominantes de, por meio do recurso permanente aos métodos da assim chamada “acumulação primitiva", se expandir e aumentar, ao mesmo tempo, a exploração de trabalhadores em todo o mundo e a cooperação entre eles. O que foi definido posteriormente como imperialismo, para Marx, é a forma concreta do processo de “globalização” do capital dos Estados dominantes. Com o desenvolvimento de sua análise, Marx tornou-se cada vez mais consciente das consequências econômicas e políticas do imperialismo. Em sua atividade na Primeira Internacional, a respeito da questão da independência irlandesa, Marx afirmou a importância fundamental de construir uma solidariedade real entre as lutas da classe nos países imperialistas e uma resistência anticolonial nos países colonizados e dependentes. Seu exame do imperialismo e sua perspectiva internacionalista foram negligenciados, negados, quando não completamente invertidos, na interpretação e na sistematização de seu pensamento por líderes reformistas da Segunda Internacional. Em sua tentativa de reagir contra essas tendências e desenvolver uma análise e uma estratégia política adequada à nova fase de expansão imperialista generalizada, de aumento das rivalidades interimperialistas e de crescente resistência anticolonial, Rosa Luxemburgo e Lênin reafirmaram a centralidade da crítica ao imperialismo nos planos político e econômico. Assim, mesmo sem ter plena consciência disto, eles desenvolveram e expandiram alguns aspectos já presentes no trabalho de Marx.
Referências
AHMAD, Aijaz. Theory: Nations, Classes, Literatures. Londres: Verso, 1992.
ANDERSON, Kevin B. “The ‘Unknown’ Marx’s Capital, Volume I: The French Edition of 1872–75, 100 Years Later”, Review of Radical Political Economics, vol. 14, n. 4, pp. 71-80, 1983.
______. “Marx’s Late Writings on Non-Western and Pre-Capitalistic Societies and Gender”, Rethinking Marxism, vol. 14, n. 4, pp. 84-96, 2000.
______. Marx at the Margins: On Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Non-Western Societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.
ASHMAN, Sam; CALLINICOS, Alex. “Capital Accumulation and the State System: Assessing David Harvey’s The New Imperialism”, Historical Materialism, vol. 14, n. 4, pp. 107-31, 2006.
BAIROCH, Paul. Lo sviluppo bloccato. Turim: Einaudi, 1976.
BANAJI, Jairus. Theory as History: Essays on Modes of Production and Exploitation, Historical Materialism. Leiden: Brill, 2010.
BARKER, Colin. “A Note on the Theory of Capitalist States” in: CLARKE, Simon (ed.). The State Debate. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991 [1978].
BARTOLOVICH, Crystal; LAZARUS, Neil (eds.). Marxism, Modernity and Postcolonial Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
BAUER, Otto. “Proletarische Wanderungen”, Die Neue Zeit, 41, 25:2, pp. 476-494, 1906-1907.
BENNER, Erica. Really Existing Nationalisms: A Post-Communist View from Marx and Engels. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006.
BERNSTEIN, Eduard. Die Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus und die Aufgaben der Sozialdemokratie. Hamburgo: Rowoht, 1969 [1899].
BRENNER, Robert. “What Is, and What is Not, Imperialism?”, Historical Materialism, vol. 14, n. 4, pp. 79-105, 2006.
BREWER, Anthony. Marxist Theories of Imperialism: A Critical Survey. Londres: Routledge, 1990.
BREWER, John. The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1688–1783. Londres: Unwin Hyman, 1989.
BUTTEL, Frederick H.; MAGDOFF, Fred; FOSTER, John Bellamy. Hungry for Profit: The Agribusiness Threat to Farmers, Food, and the Environment. Nova York: Monthly Review Press, 2000.
CALLINICOS, Alex. “Does Capitalism Need the State System?”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, vol. 20, n. 4, pp. 533-549, 2007.
______. Imperialism and Global Political Economy. Cambridge: Polity, 2009.
CAMPBELL, Persia Crawford. Chinese Coolie Emigration to Countries within the British Empire. Londres: Frank Cass, 1971.
DUNAYEVSKAYA, Raya. Marxism and Freedom: From 1776 until Today. Amherst: Humanity Books, 2000 [1958].
ENGELS, Frederick. Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 47, Engels: 1883-1886. Londres: Lawrence and Wishart, 1993.
______. Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 49, Engels: 1890-1892. Londres: Lawrence and Wishart, 2001.
FAWCETT, Henry. The Economic Position of the British Labourer. Londres: MacMillan and Co, 1865.
FINE, Ben. “Debating the ‘New’ Imperialism”, Historical Materialism, vol. 14, n. 4, pp. 133-156, 2006.
FISCHER, Emil. “Die Verwendung von Kuli als Lohnarbeiter in der Deutschen Seeschifffahrt”, Die Neue Zeit, vol. 19, 25:2, pp. 790-796, 1906-1907.
HARSTICK, Hans Peter. Karl Marx über Formen vorkapitalistischer Produktion. Frankfurt: Campus, 1977.
HARVEY, David. The New Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005a.
______. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005b.
______. “In What Ways Is ‘The New Imperialism’ Really New?”, Historical Materialism, vol. 15, n. 3, pp. 57-70, 2007.
HECKSCHER, Eli F. Mercantilism. Londres: Allen and Unwin, 1955 [1931].
HILFERDING, Rudolf. Il capitale finanziario. Milão: Feltrinelli, 1976 [1910].
HOBSON, John A. Imperialism: A Study. Londres: Allen and Unwin, 1948.
HOE-GIMM, Gong. “World Economy” in: FINE, B.; SAAD-FILHO, A.; BOFFO, M. (eds.) The Elgar Companion to Marxist Economics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2012.
IQBAL, Husain (ed.). Karl Marx on India: From the “New York Daily Tribune”. Including Articles by Frederick Engels and Extracts from Marx-Engels Correspondence 1853-1862. Nova Deli: Tulika Books, 2006.
JENKS, Leland Hamilton. The Migration of English Capital to 1875. Londres: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1963.
KAUTSKY, Karl. “Auswanderung und Kolonisation”, Die Neue Zeit: Revue des geistigen und öffentlichen Lebens, vol. 1, n. 9, pp. 393-404, 1883.
______. Sozialismus und Kolonialpolitik. Berlim: Vorwaerts, 1907.
______. Bernstein und das Sozialdemokratische Programm: Eine Antikritik. Berlin: Dietz Verlag, 1976.
KEMP, Tom. Theories of Imperialism. Londres: Dennis Dobson, 1967.
KRADER, Lawrence. The Ethnological Notebooks of Karl Marx: Studies of Morgan, Phear, Maine, Lubbock. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1972.
______. The Asiatic Mode of Production: Sources, Development and Critique in the Writings of Karl Marx. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1975.
LAPIDES, Kenneth. Marx’s Wage Theory in Historical Perspective: Its Origins, Development and Interpretation. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998.
LENIN, Vladimir Ilyich. “Notebooks on Imperialism” in: Collected Works, vol. 39. Moscou: Progress Publishers, 1968.
______. The Development of Capitalism in Russia: The Process of the Formation of a Home Market for Large-Scale Industry. Moscou: Progress Publishers, 1977.
______. Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism. Londres: Pluto, 1996.
LUXEMBURGO, Rosa. The Accumulation of Capital. Londres: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1951 [1913].
______. Gesammelte Werke. Bd. 1: 1893 bis 1905. Erster Halbband. Berlim: Dietz Verlag, 1972.
MANN, Michael. States, War and Capitalism: Studies in Political Sociology. Oxford: Blackwell, 1988.
MARX, Karl. Theories of Surplus-Value, vol II. Moscou: Progress Publishers, 1968 [1863].
______. Theories of Surplus-Value, vol. III. Moscou: Progress Publishers, 1971 [1863].
______. Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1981 [1939/1941].
______. “Exzerpte und Notizen. September 1846 bis Dezember 1847/Karl Marx” in: Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe, Division IV, vol. 6. Berlim: Dietz Verlag, 1983.
______. “Le Capital, Paris 1872–1875” in: Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe, Division II, vol. 7. Berlim: Dietz Verlag, 1989.
______. “Exzerpte und Notizen. Juli bis September 1851/Karl Marx” in: Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe, Division IV, vol. 9. Berlim: Dietz Verlag, 1991.
______. Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 35, Karl Marx: Capital, vol. I. Londres: Lawrence and Wishart, 1996 [1867].
______. Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 37, Karl Marx: Capital, vol. III. Londres: Lawrence and Wishart, 1998 [1894].
______. Notes on Indian History (664–1858). Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2001.
______. “Manuskripte zum zweiten Buch des ‘Kapitals’ 1868 bis 1881” in: Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe, Division II, vol. 11. Berlim: Akademie Verlag, 2008.
MARX, Karl; ENGELS, Frederick. Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 5, Marx and Engels: 1844-1845. Londres: Lawrence and Wishart, 1975.
______. Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 6, Marx and Engels: 1845-1848. Londres: Lawrence and Wishart, 1976.
______. Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 8, Marx and Engels: 1848-1849. Londres: Lawrence and Wishart, 1977.
______. Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 12, Marx and Engels: 1853-1854. Londres: Lawrence and Wishart, 1979.
______. Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 16, Marx and Engels: 1858-1860. Londres: Lawrence and Wishart, 1980.
______. Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 40, Marx and Engels: 1856-1859, Letters. Londres: Lawrence and Wishart, 1983.
______. Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 19, Marx and Engels: 1861-1864. Londres: Lawrence and Wishart, 1984.
______. Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 20, Marx and Engels: 1864-1868. Londres: Lawrence and Wishart, 1985a.
______. Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 21, Marx and Engels: 1867-1870. Londres: Lawrence and Wishart, 1985b.
______. Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 15, Marx and Engels: 1858-1860. Londres: Lawrence and Wishart, 1986.
______. Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 42, Marx and Engels: 1864–68, Letters. Londres: Lawrence and Wishart, 1987.
______. Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 43, Marx and Engels: 1868-1870, Letters. New York: International Publishers, 1988.
______. Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 45, Marx and Engels: 1874–79, Letters, Londres: Lawrence and Wishart, 1991.
______. Marx and Engels Collected Works, Volume 46, Marx and Engels: 1880-1883, Letters. Londres: Lawrence and Wishart, 1992.
______. Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe, Division IV, vol. 14. Berlim: Akademie Verlag [no prelo]. MERIVALE, Herman. Lectures on Colonization and Colonies, Delivered before the University of Oxford in
, 1840 & 1841. Londres: Longman-Green-Longman, and Roberts, 1861.
MONTELEONE, Renato. Marxismo, internazionalismo e questione nazionale: Dalla II Internazionale all’internazionale comunista. Turim: Loescher, 1982.
NIMTZ, August H. Marx and Engels: Their Contribution to the Democratic Breakthrough. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000.
______. “The Eurocentric Marx and Engels, and Other Related Myths” in: Bartolovich and Lazarus (eds.) 2002.
POTTS, Lydia. The World Labour Market: A History of Migration. Londres: Zed Books, 1990.
POZO-MARTIN, Gonzalo. “Autonomous or Materialist Geopolitics?”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, vol. 20, n. 4, pp. 551-563, 2007.
PRADELLA, Lucia. L’attualità del Capitale. Accumulazione e impoverimento nel capitalismo globale. Padua: Il Poligrafo, 2010a.
______. “Beijing between Smith and Marx”, Historical Materialism, vol. 18, n. 1, pp. 8-109, 2010b.
______. “Marx’s Capital and Contemporary Capitalist Development”, International Journal of Management Concepts and Philosophy, vol. 5, n. 2, pp. 118-126, 2011.
______. Mondializzazione e critica dell’economia politica alla luce della nuova edizione storicocritica degli scritti di Marx ed Engels [Globalisation and the Critique of Political Economy: New Evidence from the MEGA²]. Ph.D. thesis, University of Naples Federico II and Paris X-Nanterre, 2012.
RICARDO, David. On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. Londres: Bell, 1891 [1817].
ROSDOLSKY, Roman. Engels and the ‘Non Historic’ Peoples: The National Question in the Revolution of 1848. Glasgow: Critique Books, 1986.
______. The Making of Marx’s Capital, vol. 1. Londres: Pluto, 1989.
ROSENBERG, Justin. “International Relations – the ‘Higher Bullshit’: A Reply to the Globalization Theory Debate”, International Politics, n. 44, pp. 450-482, 2007.
SAID, Edward. Orientalism. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985.
SCHUYLER, Robert Livingston. The Fall of the Old Colonial System: A Study in British Free Trade, 1770-1870. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1945.
SEN, Sukomal. Working Class of India: History of Emergence and Movement, 1830-1970. Calcutá: Bagchi, 1977.
SHAIKH, Anwar. “Foreign Trade and the Law of Value, Part I”, Science and Society, vol. 43, n. 3, pp. 281-302, 1979.
______. “Foreign Trade and the Law of Value, Part I”, Science and Society, vol. 44, n. 1, pp. 27-57, 1980.
SMITH, Adam. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, two volumes. Frome/Londres: Butler and Tanner, 1961 [1776].
SMITH, John. Imperialism and the Globalisation of Production. Ph.D. thesis, University of Sheffield, 2010.
STONE, Lawrence (ed.). An Imperial State at War: Britain from 1689 to 1815. Londres: Routledge, 1994.
TINKER, Hugh. A New System of Slavery: The Export of Indian Labour Overseas, 1830-1920. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974.
VAN DER LINDEN, Marcel. “Labour History: The Old, the New and the Global”, African Studies, vol. 66, 2/3, pp. 169-180, 2007.
WAKEFIELD, Edward Gibbon. A View of the Art of Colonisation, with Present Reference to the British Empire. Londres: John W. Parker, 1849.
WILKINS, Mira. “European and North American Multinationals, 1870–1914: Comparisons and Contrasts”, Business History, vol. 30, n. 1, pp. 8-45, 1988.
WILKINS, Mira; SCHROTER, Harm (eds.). The Free Standing Company in the World Economy, 1830–1996. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
WILLIAMS, Eric Eustace. Capitalism and Slavery. Londres: André Deutsch, 1964.
WINCH, Donald. Classical Political Economy and Colonies. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 1965.
WOOD, Ellen Meiksins. “Logics of Power: A Conversation with David Harvey”, Historical Materialism, vol. 14, n. 4, pp. 9-34, 2006.
Downloads
Publicado
Versões
- 29.04.2022 (2)
- 13.04.2022 (1)
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2022 Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Economia Política
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.